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1. 

   #1 Hannon 20 de jul. 2006

   Teshub:
   
   Antes de nada, Christ es un autor de reconocida solvencia y sus obras suelen aparecer en la mayor parte de las bibliografías a tener en cuenta. Que a esta obra le falten muchas cosas, es algo que seguramente se deba a los intereses comerciales, que se imponen generalmente a los deseos del autor, aunque esta obra fue anteriormente publicada en alemán, país donde se toman el asunto bastante más en serio.
   
   Efectivamente Christ menciona la huída de Aníbal; que “En una cabalgata nocturna a marchas forzadas llegó a su finca de Tapsos, donde había un vehículo dispuesto para su huída (...)”.
   
   Christ da a entender que la acusación se debió a sus detractores en el Senado cartaginés. Sin embargo, luego va narrando las diferentes etapas de la huída de Aníbal, en la que el estratega se convirtió en la auténtica pesadilla de los romanos, viajando allí donde veía perspectivas de intervención.
   
   En cuanto a los textos sobre la huída de Aníbal a la corte de Antíoco, aquí te pongo algunos fragmentos de otros autores:
   
   Cornelio Nepote; XXXIII, 7, 7:
   
   “In the year after his praetorship, when Marcus Claudius and Lucius Furius were consuls, ambassadors from Rome came again to Carthage; and Hannibal, supposing that they were sent to demand that he should be delivered to the Romans, went secretly, before an audience of the senate was given them, on board a vessel, and fled into Syria to Antiochus. His departure being made public, the Carthaginians sent two ships to seize him, if they could overtake him. His property they confiscated; his house they razed to its foundations; and himself they declared an outlaw”.
   
   
   También Cicerón dice que sus conciudanos lo desterraron:
   
   Cicerón, Sest, 142:
   
   “His own fellow-citizens banished him from the city; but we see that he, though our enemy, is celebrated in the writings and recollection of our citizens.”
   
   Valerio Máximo dice lo siguiente (IV, 1, 6):
   
   “Non defuit maioribus grata mens ad praemia superiori Africano exsolvenda, si quidem maxima eius merita paribus ornamentis decorare conati sunt. voluerunt illi statuas in comitio, in rostris, in curia, in ipsa denique Iovis optimi maximi cella ponere, voluerunt imaginem eius triumphali ornatu indutam Capitolinis puluinaribus adplicare, voluerunt ei continuum per omnes vitae annos consulatum perpetuamque dictaturam tribuere: quorum nihil sibi neque plebiscito dari neque senatus consulto decerni patiendo paene tantum se in recusandis honoribus gessit, quantum egerat in emerendis..
   Eodem robore mentis causam Hannibalis in senatu protexit, cum eum cives sui missis legatis tamquam seditiones apud eos moventem accusarent. adiecit quoque non oportere patres conscRIPtos se rei publicae Karthaginiensium interponere altissimaque moderatione alterius saluti consuluit, alterius dignitati, victoria tenus utriusque hostem egisse contentus”.
   
   Silio Itálico (que no da demasiadas pistas al respecto), en XIII, 875-885:
   
   “No temas –exclamó la adivina-, la vida de este guerrero no seguirá siendo invulnerable. Sus huesos no descansarán en su patria. En efecto, cuando, agotados sus recursos, haya sufrido una derrota después de una gran batalla y haya implorado clemencia de manera vergonzosa, tratará de reanudar la guerra en el bando de los macedonios. Condenado por traición, deberá dejar a su fiel esposa y a su hijo y abandonará la ciudadela de Cartago (...)”
   
   Apiano; Syr. IV<7B>:
   
   “rumor having spread abroad that Ptolemy Philopator was dead, Antiochus hastened to Egypt in order to seize the country while bereft of a ruler. While on this journey Hannibal the Carthaginian met him at Ephesus. He was now a fugitive from his own country on account of the accusations of his enemies, who reported to the Romans that he was hostile to them, that he wanted to bring on a war, and that he could never enjoy peace. This was a time when the Carthaginians were leagued with the Romans by treaty”.
   
   Eutropio; IV, 3:
   
   “The Macedonian war being thus terminated, the Syrian war, against King Antiochus, succeeded, in the consulship of Publius Cornelius Scipio and Manius Acilius Glabrio, To this Antiochus Hannibal had joined himself, abandoning his native country, Carthage, to escape being delivered up to the Romans. Manius Acilius Glabrio fought successfully in Achaia. The camp of King Antiochus was taken by an attack in the night, and he himself obliged to flee. To Philip his son Demetrius was restored, for having assisted the Romans in their contest with Antiochus”.
   
   Orosio; IV, 20, 13:
   
   “tunc etiam Hannibal propter excitandi belli rumores, qui de eo apud Romanos serebantur, exhiberi Romam a senatu iussus, clam ex Africa profectus ad Antiochum migrauit: quem cum apud Ephesum inuenisset cunctantem, mox in bellum inpulit”.
   
   Zonaras; IX, 18:
   
   “Malicious reports about him were also conveyed to p307the Romans, to the effect that he was rousing the Carthaginians to revolt and was taking counsel with Antiochus. Learning now that some men from Rome were present, and fearing arrest, he fled from Carthage by night”.
   
   Me falta un fragmento de Diodoro Sículo, que ahora mismo no puedo localizar.
   
   En cuanto a Catón y sus afirmaciones, no era excesivamente amigo de Escipión, y al Africano, le salía mucho menos rentable defender a Aníbal que capturarle. Además, las medidas políticas que había llevado a cabo Aníbal, no fueron demasiado populares entre las clases pudientes cartaginesas, por lo que la historia de los senadores púnicos acudiendo a Roma para acusar a Aníbal parece bastante convincente.
   
   Un saludo.
   
   
   
   

2. 

   #2 Teshub 21 de jul. 2006

   Gracias Hannon
   No sabía que te interesaran los acueductos, pues sí, Frontino está publicado en español aunque no en internet, que yo sepa...publicado por el CSIC, por el ministerio de defensa, y la Universidad de Valencia (si lees francés -ya que parece que tu novia lee alemán, a lo mejor también francés-, tienes a todos los autores griegos y romanos en internet traducidos, en concreto Frontino -y todos- aquí http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/frontin/table.htm ):
   
   1.- 84-00-05915-8 ; 978-84-00-05915-6 - De aquaeductu urbis Romae (1985)
   Frontino, Sexto Julio
   Editor: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
   
   
   2.- 84-370-1590-1 ; 978-84-370-1590-3 - Quatro libros de Sexto Julio Frontino... (1994)
   Frontino, Sexto Julio
   Editor: Universidad de Valencia. Servicio de Publicaciones = Universitat de València. Servei de Publicacions
   
   
   3.- 84-923358-9-0 ; 978-84-923358-9-3 - Los quatro libros-- de los ensemplos, consejos y avisos de la guerra (2003)
   Frontino, Sexto Julio
   Editor: Editores de Facsímiles Vicent García, S.L.
   
   
   4.- 84-9781-169-0 ; 978-84-9781-169-9 - Los cuatro libros de los enxemplos, consejos e avisos de la guerra : (strategematon) (2005)
   Frontino, Sexto Julio
   Editor: Ministerio de Defensa. Centro de Publicaciones
   
   
   En concreto:
   
   ISBN: 84-9781-169-0 ; 978-84-9781-169-9
   Autor: Frontino, Sexto Julio
   Gómez Moreno, Ángel , ed. lit.
   
   Título: Los cuatro libros de los enxemplos, consejos e avisos de la guerra : (strategematon)
   Lengua: publicación: Castellano
   Edición: 1ª ed., 1ª imp.
   Publicación: Madrid : Ministerio de Defensa. Centro de Publicaciones , 03/2005
   DescRIPción: 146 p. ; 24x17 cm
   Encuadernación: rústica
   Precio: 15 €
   Colección: Colección Clásicos
   Materias: Asuntos militares. Arte de la guerra.
   
   
   ISBN: 84-00-05915-8 ; 978-84-00-05915-6
   Autor: Frontino, Sexto Julio
   González Rolán, Tomás , tr.
   
   Título: De aquaeductu urbis Romae
   Lengua: publicación: Castellano traducida del: Latín
   Edición: 1ª ed.
   Publicación: Madrid : Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , 03/1985
   DescRIPción: 108 p. ; 22x16 cm
   Encuadernación: tela
   Precio: 12,02 €
   Colección: Hispánica de autores griegos y latinos
   Materias: Literatura latina. Historia y crítica. Obras.
   
   
   Algo buenio tenía que tener tanto rollo con los derechos de autor. Voy a ver si Jakob Seibert está en la red y podemos conseguir su texto (anteayer encontré la Historia de Roma de Mommsen completa en francés)

3. 

   #3 Teshub 24 de jul. 2006

   No hay de qué, Hannon. Tienes razón, las obras de Mommsen no tiene derechos de autor ya, pero sus traducciones a otras lenguas sí. En cualquier caso, por ahora sólo he encontrado textos en alemán de Seibert.
   Las traducciones yo prefiero las del s. XVIII -de hecho, las francesas que utilizo son de 1735- porque no están contaminadas con visiones de la historia adamsmithiano-liberal-marxistas como suele ocurrir con las traducciones realizadas en el s. XX (y para mí no hay nada peor que traducir lo que decían los romanos sin entender cómo era la sociedad romana), pero es cuestión de gustos
   He encontrado otra edición de las estratagemas de Frontino:
   Textos y Concordancias de Strategematon de Sexto Julio Frontino, Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid, MS. 10198. Edición de E. Jiménez Ríos, Madison 1992.
   
   En inglés tienes aquí un texto bilingüe, en la hoja de Lacus Curtius, que antes estaba alojada en la universidad de Kansas y ahora está en la de Chicago
   http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/Strategemata/home.html
   
   De todas maneras, si buscas las referencias a Anibal y Escipión en el Stratagemata, aquí las tienes (supongo que con la traducción inglesa te podrás apañar):
   Stratagemata I, III - De constituendo statu belli; I, VIII - De distringendis hostibus. II, III - De acie ordinanda; III, VI - De districtione praesidiorum hostilium.
   
   
   Stratagemata I, 3 y 8
   
   DE CONSTITUENDO STATU BELLI
   Idem fecit in eadem civitate Pericles adversum Lacedaemonios. Scipio, manente in Italia Hannibale, transmisso in Africam exercitu necessitatem Carthaginiensibus imposuit revocandi Hannibalem: sic a domesticis finibus hostile transtulit bellum.
   
   On Determining the Character of the War
   While Hannibal was lingering in Italy, Scipio sent an army into Africa, and so forced the Carthaginians to recall Hannibal. In this way he transferred the war from his own country to that of the enemy
   
   DE DISTRINGENDIS HOSTIBUS
   Scipio Africanus ad excipienda auxilia cum commeatibus Hannibali venucium Thermum dimisit, ipse subventurus.
   
   On Distracting the Attention of the Enemy
   When, on one occasion, reinforcements and provisions were on the way to Hannibal, Scipio, wishing to intercept these, sent ahead Minucius Thermus, and arranged to come himself to lend his support
   
   
   
   Stratagemata II, 3 - DE ACIE ORDINANDA
   
   Hannibal adversus Scipionem in Africa, cum haberet exercitum ex Poenis et auxiliaribus, quorum pars non solum ex diversis gentibus, sed etiam ex Italicis constabat, post elephantos LXXX, qui in prima fronte positi hostium turbarent aciem, auxiliares Gallos et Ligures et Baliares Maurosque posuit, ut neque fugere possent Poenis a tergo stantibus et hostem oppositi, si non infestarent, at certe fatigarent: tum suis et Macedonibus,qui iam fessos Romanos integri exciperent, in secunda acie collocatis,novissimos Italicos constituit, quorum et timebat fidem et segnitiam verebatur, quoniam plerosque eorum ab Italia invitos extraxerat.
   Scipio adversus hanc formam robur legionis tRIPlici acie in fronte ordinatum per hastatos et principes et triarios opposuit: nec continuas construxit cohortes, sed manipulis inter se distantibus spatium dedit, per quod elephanti ab hostibus acti facile transmitti sine perturbatione ordinum possent. Ea ipsa intervalla expeditis velitibus implevit, ne interluceret acies, dato his praecepto, ut ad impetum elephantorum vel retro vel in latera concederent. Equitatum deinde in cornua divisit et dextro Romanis equitibus Laelium, sinistro Numidis Masinissam praeposuit: quae tam prudens ordinationon dubie causa victoriae fuit.
   
   On the disposition of troops for battle
   When Hannibal was contending against Scipio in Africa, having an army of Carthaginians and auxiliaries, part of whom were not only of different nationalities, but actually consisted of Italians, he placed eighty elephants in the forefront, to throw the enemy into confusion. Behind these he stationed auxiliary Gauls, Ligurians, Balearians, and Moors, that these might be unable to run away, since the Carthaginians were standing behind them, and in order that, being placed in front, they might at least harass the enemy, if not do him damage. In the second line he placed his own countrymen and the Macedonians, to be fresh to meet the exhausted Romans; and in the rear the Italians, whose loyalty he distrusted and whose indifference he feared, inasmuch as he had dragged most of them from Italy against their will.
   Against this formation Scipio drew up the flower of his legions in three successive front lines, arranged according to hastati, principes, and triarii, not making the cohorts touch, but leaving a space between the detached companies through which the elephants driven by the enemy might easily be allowed to pass without throwing the ranks into confusion. These intervals he filled with light-armed skirmishers, that the line might show no gaps, giving them instructions to withdraw to the rear or the flanks at the first onset of the elephants. The cavalry he distributed on the flanks, placing Laelius in charge of the Roman horsemen on the right, and Masinissa in charge of the Numidians on the left. This shrewd scheme of arrangement was undoubtedly the cause of his victory.
   
   
   
   
   Stratagemata III, 6 - DE DISTRICTIONE PRAESIDIORUM HOSTIUM
   
   Scipio, Hannibale in Africam reverso, cum plura oppida, quae ratio illi in potestatem redigenda dictabat, firmis praesidiis diversae partis obtinerentur, subinde aliquam manum submittebat ad infestanda ea. Novissime etiam tamquam direpturus civitates aderat, deinde simulato metu refugiebat.
   Hannibal, ratus veram esse eius trepidationem, deductis undique praesidiis, tamquam de summa rerum decertaturus insequi coepit: ita consecutus Scipio, quod petierat, nudatas propugnatoribus urbis per Masinissam et Numidas cepit.
   P. Cornelius Scipio, intellecta difficultate expugnandi Delminum, quia concursu omnium defendebatur, aggredi alia oppida coepit et evocatis ad sua defendenda singulis vacuatam auxiliis Delminum cepit.
   
   On Distracting the Attention of a Hostile Garrison
   When Hannibal had returned to Africa, many towns were still held by strong forces of the Carthaginians. Scipio's policy demanded that these towns should be reduced. Accordingly he often sent troops to assault them. Finally he would appear before the towns as though bent on sacking them, and would then retire, feigning fear. Hannibal, thinking his alarm real, withdrew the garrison from all points, and began to follow, as though determined to fight a decisive battle. Scipio, having thus accomplished what he intended, with the assistance of Masinissa and the Numidians, captured the towns, which had thus been stRIPped of their defenders.
   Publius Cornelius Scipio, appreciating the difficulty of capturing Delminus, because it was defended by the concerted efforts of the population of the district, began to assault other towns. Then, when the inhabitants of the various towns had been called back to defend their homes, Scipio took Delminus, which had been left without support.
   
   
   

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